Western Societys Skepticism of Reincarnation :: Religion

Western Society's Skepticism of Reincarnation As men might suspect so they seem to be, both here and from this point forward, considerations being things, the parent everything being equal, acceptable and terrible the same, and as the planting has been, so will the gather be. It had at last come down to the remainder of the 500 pieces for the beautiful riddle. What A significant accomplishment for grandmother and me! We had taken a shot at it for quite a long time straight and kept it covered up under the decorative liner on the lounge area table. Grandmother came over and gave me a major embrace and kiss. She looked at the clock and saw that it was 3:30: opportunity to take care of the fowls and afterward to begin making supper. â€Å"Let’s go feed the flying creatures, Stephy†, she said. What's more, we went into her little loft kitchen, took out the bundle of old rye bread and took off to her gallery sitting above Avenue Q in Brooklyn. â€Å"Ya know Stephy, the infant pigeon dropped by at the beginning of today with her mama. I think she was searching for you.† I glimmered at grandmother and began to become flushed. Grandmother passed me a bit of bread to sprinkle on the floor. The insatiable feathered creatures began to show up, i ndividually. Grandmother plunked down in her folding chair. â€Å"When I go Stephy, I wouldn’t mind returning as the infant pigeon. I trust you wouldn’t neglect to come out and feed me.† Anyway, what truly occurs after the last inhale is drawn? Does one go to paradise? Go to manure? Begin the existence procedure once more? There are various convictions, however nobody knows without a doubt until the ball is in their court. Passing is one of the most feared subjects of discussion in Western developments. Passing has many negative implications appended. With respect to Tibetans following the Buddhist religion, they look demise directly in the face and acknowledge it. The Tibetans don't abstain from discussing the inescapable destiny which each individual will meet. Or maybe, they get ready themselves and realize that as time passes they draw nearer to the end. The Tibetans live by the idea of fleetingness. Temporariness expresses that everybody has a transient presence and that everybody will in the long beyond words. One would believe that the Tibetans are an inefficient culture, since they live their lives realizing that they will in the long amazing, it is in actuality the inverse. So what persuades them? Resurrection is the possibility that the spirit is reawakened into another structure. Western Society's Skepticism of Reincarnation :: Religion Western Society's Skepticism of Reincarnation As men might suspect so they seem to be, both here and henceforth, considerations being things, the parent everything being equal, acceptable and awful indistinguishable, and as the planting has been, so will the reap be. It had at last come down to the remainder of the 500 pieces for the pleasant riddle. What A significant accomplishment for grandmother and me! We had chipped away at it for a considerable length of time straight and kept it covered up under the decorative spread on the lounge area table. Grandmother came over and gave me a major embrace and kiss. She looked at the clock and saw that it was 3:30: chance to take care of the fowls and afterward to begin making supper. â€Å"Let’s go feed the winged animals, Stephy†, she said. Also, we went into her little loft kitchen, took out the bundle of old rye bread and took off to her overhang sitting above Avenue Q in Brooklyn. â€Å"Ya know Stephy, the child pigeon dropped by toward the beginning of today with her mama. I think she was searching for you.† I glimmered at grandmother and began to become flushed. Grandmother passed me a bit of bread to sprinkle on the floor. The voracious winged animals began to show up, indiv idually. Grandmother plunked down in her folding chair. â€Å"When I go Stephy, I wouldn’t mind returning as the child pigeon. I trust you wouldn’t neglect to come out and feed me.† Things being what they are, what truly occurs after the last inhale is drawn? Does one go to paradise? Go to compost? Begin the existence procedure once more? There are a wide range of convictions, however nobody knows without a doubt until the ball is in their court. Passing is one of the most feared subjects of discussion in Western human advancements. Passing has many negative meanings joined. With respect to Tibetans following the Buddhist religion, they look demise directly in the face and acknowledge it. The Tibetans don't abstain from discussing the unavoidable destiny which each person will meet. Or maybe, they plan themselves and realize that as time passes they draw nearer to the end. The Tibetans live by the idea of temporariness. Fleetingness expresses that everybody has a transient presence and that everybody will in the long amazing. One would believe that the Tibetans are an inefficient culture, since they live their lives realizing that they will in the long beyond words, it is in certainty the inverse. So what propels them? Resurrection is the possibility that the spirit is renewed into another structure.

Persuasive Essay Capital Punishment Essays - Criminal Law, Penology

Convincing Essay: Capital Punishment Matchmaker.com: Sign up now for a free preliminary. Date Smarter! Enticing Exposition: Capital Punishment When turning on the TV, radio, or on the other hand just opening the nearby paper, one is assaulted with updates on captures, murders, manslaughters, sequential executioners, and other such disasters. It is an uncommon event to go during a time in this world and not know about these things. So what ought to be done about this crime percentage? Not exclusively is it submitting a wrongdoing, yet today, it is giving your life up to the legislature. This is a hazard one is taking when he chooses to pull a trigger or plunge a blade, however, is it truly up to our equity framework to choose one's destiny? There are numerous issues that address this inquiry of the death penalty, for example, religion, the impact on society, compensation being denied, the conceivable wrongly denounced, and the privileges of the indicted. Be that as it may, how frequently do these ideas creep into the open's brain when it knows about our 'reasonable, trusty' government removing somebody's breathing rights? The Bible states Thou shalt not slaughter, also, this being a wrongdoing ought to must be altered inside oneself. Notwithstanding, the Bible additionally states Don't pass judgment on others' very own feelings. It is the administration's obligation to rebuff individuals that defy the law to keep our reality in politeness yet is it their entitlement to remove their lives? It is a Christian's duty to bring up to the individuals who sin that they do as such and this nation, confiding in God as it says it does, ought to do just that. So if the administration stands emphatically by this explanation that is on the dollar greenback, may they line up all the liars, miscreants, Buddhists, hoodlums, rapacious and killers at the seat. On the off chance that they will investigate this one sin as so malevolent may they see each of the ten edicts so blessed. The general public is so confounded with regards to what isright. More and more youngsters are turning out to be killers themselves. The reason is self-evident: they see that on the off chance that they murder somebody they go to prison, get capital punishment, and the administration, who they know as the hero executes them for discipline. Exercise took in: the finger is highlighting its own activities. Learning ethics is just as hard as individuals make it. Why muddle things? A few people imagine that compensation is conceded at the point when one is condemned to capital punishment. In any case, if a friend or family member is killed and his family feels equity in having the killer done likewise, is it not considered similarly sick? Excusing and overlooking are completely not feasible, yet one ought to think about the idea of disappointment and regret. Similarly as one feels horrible and wishes the altruism of their neighbor when unfairly passing through his yard, without a doubt a killer may feel the equivalent. One is just human and nobody can anticipate any more. A misstep is a misstep, regardless of whom it might hurt or what demolition it might cause. There's consistently the opportunity of the blameless being in an unlucky spot. A bunch of proof from a solid legal counselor could condemn somebody to life in jail, and even the capital punishment. One could be going through and finishing his time on earth in bondage for basically strolling down an inappropriate road on an inappropriate day. Should he need to serve the time that is not legitimately his and take the needle that shouldn't prick his skin? It's a little deficiency in the equity framework that isn't simple to survive, however such's somebody's reality, and not realizing reality could be annihilating. Abraham Lincoln announced, All men are made equivalent. This announcement of truth has clearly been kept separate from thought in the court. The man that sits upon the seat in this room is not any more qualified for equity than the one that sits in the respondent's seat. Everybody merits another opportunity since they are for the most part able to do reorganization. Is the thinking not just to show a thing or two that one rebuffs another? The guilty party ought to get the opportunity to return into the world what's more, substantiate himself fair. May he that commits no errors take the rights of he that made the large one. A wrongdoing is a wrongdoing, be it wanting a sibling's spouse, or shooting her. Just is it the last that the world may see and denounce. He that conveys a bogus tongue should rest no sounder than he that conveys a toxic heart. On the off chance that fathoming defilement with impropriety is the world's solution for compromise, at that point why not cleave off

Email for Minimalists

Email for Minimalists I manage email differently from how I used to. Email of Yesteryear When I worked in corporate America, I would receive 150â€"250 emails a day. In fact, the first thing I did each morning was reach for my BlackBerry and check my inbox, and then I was anchored to that device throughout the day, checking it every few minutes, always anticipating every new message. It was an unspoken corporate expectation to be on call, always available. And at night, before my head hit the pillow, the last thing I didâ€"out of habitâ€"was check my phone for new email messages. Looking back on the whole experience, it seems a bit crazy now, but at the time it felt completely normal. The truth is that fewer than 40 of those couple hundred emails required any kind of action. Some of them just needed to be read and filed away mentally. Many were irrelevant but still required my precious time to read and decide whether or not it was pertinent information. To manage such a daunting load, I developed an elaborate system to organize the chaosâ€"constantly checking my inbox, filing messages into appropriate to do  folders, delegating tasks to various employees, and setting priorities for various actions I needed to take. It was a vicious cycle, and I was never caught-up.  I couldnt, by definition, ever be caught-up with such a barrage of perpetual incoming info. But I soldiered onâ€"reading, filing, prioritizing, delegating, and taking action to get things done. Email Today The picture looks much different for me today. Size doesnt matter. I dont subscribe to the five-sentence email philosophy prescribed by some of my friends. I like long emails if they are clever, well thought out, and add value to my life (that last part is the most important). For some emails, however, five sentences is way too long. And most emails shouldnt be sent at all. Besides, Im perfectly capable of writing a several-page, 800-word sentence that would render this rule irrelevant (as I demonstrated in the first sentence of the eighth chapter in  Everything That Remains). So, instead of limiting myself, I think twice before I send an email. Is there a better way to communicate this info? is the first question I ask. No more smartphone email. No longer do I get email on the device in my pocket. It was a frustrating transition at first, but Im less stressed because of it. Unsubscribe if you dont find value. Email is my central hubâ€"its what I use to aggregate all my incoming info (comments, communications, websites, newsletters, blogs, etc.). If something is no longer adding value to my life, I unsubscribe. Dont respond every day. If you send me an email, you will get a response (if it warrants one), but that response is on my terms, on my timeline. No one should send an email to anyone and expect an immediate reply. Life is too precious to spend our days feeling anxious with required email responses. Dont act on everything. Not every email requires an action. In fact, most dont. Sometimes its OK to just hit delete. How could you manage your email differently? Additional tactics: Check Email Like a Minimalist.

The Theology, Christology and Pneumatology of The Book of...

The Theology, Christology, and Pneumatology of the Book of Revelation are highly reflective of the social, political and religious context in which the book was written. Within the text, we find expressed the views of an author, and Christian community in general, challenged by the power and ideology of Rome, as well as having to re-imagine and re-comprehend their God, and divinity in general, in light of the revelation of Jesus Christ and the work of the Spirit among them. Before beginning this investigation it is important that we define as much as possible what is meant by ‘how God, Christ and the Spirit are portrayed’. The exploration of these figures holds an established set of names within Christian thought, specifically†¦show more content†¦In light of this understanding, an exploration of the divine titles that are attributed to God in the book appear to demonstrate a response to this usurping of the divine throne, as well as an encouragement to John’s readers, many of whom lived under persecution for not submitting to Rome’s ‘divinity’. Throughout the Book of Revelation, God is entitled with a number of divine names that reflect the eternal nature, heavenly rule and true authority of the divine being. Names such as ‘the beginning and the end’ (Rev 21:6), ‘the One who is and who was and who is to come’ (1:8), ‘the One who is seated upon the throne’ (4:9) , and ‘Alpha and Omega’ (1:8) all attest to the nature of God as ever-being and everlasting, as well as being the holder of ultimate power and authority. This understanding in connection with the belief that heaven is the ‘sphere of ultimate reality’, leads the reader to view the power and authority of Rome through a more temporal lens, revealing its illusory attempt to claim the power and name of God. With this comprehension of the portrayal of God in the Book of Revelation, we see the attempt by John to contextualize, and so to undermine, the authority and power of Rome in light of the grandeur, power and eternal nature of God. This, in turn, would offer assurance to those reading his text that regardless ofShow MoreRelatedTheology of Revelation Essay2358 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Trinitarian theology within the book of Revelation is not at first sight easily recognisable amongst the plethora of images and prophecies that are recorded. The beauty of John’s theology is that the Trinity is deeply embedded in the text so that the reader must dissect the book in order to glimpse the theological beauty that is present. This essay will seek to explore the threads of the Holy Trinity that appear in the book of Revelation by looking at the characteristics of God, theRead MoreThe Doctrine Of The Trinity9485 Words   |  38 PagesChristian community, the salvation history and our understanding of Christology. This is the mystery of the Trinity – how is the Godhead fully three persons, and yet one nature? Theophilus was the first to name the ‘triad’ nature of God in his letter To Autolycus in 170 A.D. Tertullian was the first to offer terminology to describe this mystery in Against Praxeas claiming â€Å"the Trinity† involved three à ¢â‚¬Ëœpersons’ of one substance. This theology emerged from the Biblical witness, even though scripture offersRead MorePersonal Theology Of Preaching And Ministry Essay1748 Words   |  7 Pages Personal Theology Of Preaching And Ministry Nicole Vogel 12/6/2016 SEPL610 Practice of Preaching Professor Suzanne Duchesne  As a future minister, I recognize the importance in understanding my theological perspective which has an effect on my understanding of the role as a minster and particularly the role of preaching. One’s personal theology affects the neurological wiring in one’s brain which unconsciously influences decisions and actions. There are specific theological views that I

11 Amazing Women in Mathematics History

Day Light Factor in Office Spaces Free Essays

string(119) " Depending on the edifice designs, the twenty-four hours light factors have the capacity to act upon the design picks\." DAY LIGHT FACTOR IN OFFICE SPACES Background: Day illuming admitted into constructing through â€Å"holes† in external cloth ( Windowss, roof visible radiations, etc. ) which in adverse climes by and large incorporate glass or an alternate transparent stuff to heat loss. The energy efficiency and sustainability became progressively of import issues in the field of architecture. We will write a custom essay sample on Day Light Factor in Office Spaces or any similar topic only for you Order Now Often day-lighting is recognised as a cardinal scheme in cut downing the energy ingestion by cut downing sum of electrical lighting in a edifice. And even, twenty-four hours lighting is besides known for holding its positive effects on human wellness and productiveness. So by all these, the energy criterions and green edifice evaluation systems have strongly recommended that interior decorators incorporate twenty-four hours illuming schemes into edifice design. However, this recommendation is often ignored due to the complexness in following twenty-four hours illuming design and due to the ocular uncomfortableness caused by the inordinate sunshine incursions and Sun blaze. Many yearss illuming analysis have been developed and used by pupils, interior decorators and advisers. From physical modeling to computing machine based simulations, analysis methods are used to foretell the public presentation of twenty-four hours illuming systems before a edifice is completed.by utilizing all these methods, we can mensurate or cipher assorted values like illumination degrees. However it is non easy to acquire accurate predictable or frequently even fiting values between techniques due to variance in variables and besides due to the sky choices. Introduction: Day lighting is a extremely cost-efficient agencies of cut downing the energy for electrical lighting and chilling. But architecture instruction frequently reduces the facet of twenty-four hours illuming to attention-getting effects on frontages and barely discusses its possible effects – non merely on cost, but wellness, wellbeing and energy. The light affairs will research the frequently undiscovered facets of twenty-four hours lighting and present cardinal schemes for you to break integrated twenty-four hours illuming into design: from optimising constructing orientations to taking interior surface qualities that achieve the right coefficient of reflection. These stairss can significantly cut down your investing every bit good as operating costs. And while these schemes will surely catch the involvement of economically oriented clients, you will shortly detect that twenty-four hours illuming can make so much more. The chief survey of this paper is to understand the kineticss of twenty-four hours light factor in relation to edifice infinites and to understand twenty-four hours visible radiation as a design component. The development and effects of twenty-four hours light and its factor in office edifices. Abstractions: Lighting degrees in a edifice infinite are typically measured in foot-candles or lx. Light from electrical visible radiations is reasonably changeless so exact degrees of lighting can be obtained through the choice and layout of light fixtures. When it comes to twenty-four hours lighting, the light beginning is the sky vault which is outside the edifice s it becomes necessary to put in glassy gaps to acknowledge equal daytime to run into infinite demands. Planing for exact degrees of visible radiation from twenty-four hours visible radiation is hard since the light beginning is invariably altering depending on clip of twenty-four hours and conditions conditions. Alternatively of ciphering exact degrees of visible radiation ( foot tapers or lx ) in a given infinite from daytime, a daylight factor was created to mensurate comparative visible radiation degrees. Day light factor: The construct of daylight factor ( DF ) was developed in the United Kingdom in the early 20Thursdaycentury. Day light factors are used in architecture and edifice design in order to measure the internal natural lighting degrees. Daylight factor is defined as the ratio of the internal illumination at a point in a edifice to the unshaded, external horizontal illumination under a CIE cloudiness sky ( Moon and Spencer 1942 ) . The chief connotation of utilizing this type of ratios instead than absolute values, was to avoid the trouble of holding frequent and frequently terrible fluctuations in the strength of twenty-four hours illuming ( Waldram 1909 ) . In the beginning, sky factors were used to cipher the twenty-four hours light illumination from the sky dome to a peculiar point in the edifice. Later on, the sky factor was evolved into the daylight factor, as the visible radiation reflected from external obstructors, visible radiation from the glazing and internal refelectances were added every bit good ( Waldram 1950 ) . Day light factor is the ratio between indoor illumination and out-of-door illumination. It can be measured for a specific point or for an norm of a infinite. The undermentioned expression shows how to cipher twenty-four hours light factor from illumination degrees. img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1329345.001.png"/ DF = 100 * Tocopherolin/ Tocopherolext Where DF= twenty-four hours light factor Tocopherolin: illumination due to twenty-four hours illuming on the indoor working topographic point Tocopherolext: illumination out-of-doorss on a unobstructed horizontal plane. Daylight reading at a mention point in a room can be made up of three constituents: Sky constituent– the visible radiation received straight from the sky Externally reflected constituent– the visible radiation received after contemplation from the land, edifice or other external surface and Internally reflected constituent– the visible radiation received after being reflected from the surfaces inside a edifice. All these three constituents need to be accounted for to find the twenty-four hours light factor. Day illuming factor was used to obtain the lower limit lighting demands, but it does non gives the thought of good twenty-four hours illuming. Even though the twenty-four hours illuming factor was used most widely to mensurate twenty-four hours lighting and for bulk of practicians, the consideration of twenty-four hours light Begins and terminals with twenty-four hours light factor ( Nabil and Mardaljevic 2005 ) . For the last 50 old ages, this design pattern has mostly remained undisputed with a few noteworthy exclusions ( Kendrick and Skinner 1980 ; Tregenza 1980 ) . So it is widely accepted, quantitative public presentation step for twenty-four hours lighting. Day light factor has besides got different back uping qualities for the design use in the edifices. Depending on the edifice designs, the twenty-four hours light factors have the capacity to act upon the design picks. You read "Day Light Factor in Office Spaces" in category "Essay examples" Coming to the different facets where the twenty-four hours light factor can impact the edifice design were similar, the geometry of the edifice, environing landscapes and environing edifices. Not merely the external belongingss, due to the twenty-four hours light factor, there a considerable affects in the inside of the edifices besides. They are like the coloring material, coefficient of reflection, transmission, diffuseness, secularity, etc. , have an impact on the twenty-four hours light factor. In general, the daylight factor steps are intuitive and easy to pass on. To cipher the twenty-four hours light factor, there are a figure of methods bing. They range from simple computations to the BRE split flux method to progress computation techniques based on radiosity ( Lighting Analysts Inc. 2006 ) , Lumen Designer ( Light Technologies Inc. 2006 ) and/or Raytracing ( Ward and Shakesphere 1998 ) . Using glow, for any geometry of edifice and any type of stuff, we can cipher the twenty-four hours light factor. The twenty-four hours light factor can besides hold the influence on twenty-four hours light planing in the peculiar edifices. Some signifier giving characteristics, which are by and large accompanied with the good twenty-four hours visible radiation, were influenced. Like the high window- caput highs, high ceiling coefficient of reflection, big frontages, wall coatings, narrow floor programs, high transmission glazing, sky light gaps, etc. If we go for the â€Å"the more the better† attack, the maximal twenty-four hours light perforating into the edifice in a to the full glazed edifice will be more. We can hold the adequate twenty-four hours lighting, but frequently those constructing exhibit comfort and energy related jobs. By and large these are conditions which we see in commercial edifices. There are few restrictions of the twenty-four hours light steps. They are ; Design recommendation based on the twenty-four hours light factor will be same for all types of facade orientations. Day light factor for all types of edifice locations will be same. Daylight factor does non see the season, clip of the twenty-four hours, variable sky conditions. Actually this bears really of import effects. Day light factor can non assist to forestall the blaze schemes for different facade orientations, even though the job of blaze is most outstanding. Day light factor in office infinites: A twenty-four hours light factor of 2 is a typical degree one would desire to accomplish for an office infinite. It assumes that 2 % of the entire visible radiation that is outside the edifice ends up on the working plane or desktop. Assuming an mean out-of-door illumination of 2500 pes tapers and a twenty-four hours light factor of 2 % the indoor illumination on the desktop would be 50 foot tapers. 2 % ten 2500 pes tapers = 50 pes tapers Other typical twenty-four hours light factors for assorted infinites are: Assorted infinites Day light factor Discussion groups 14 Residential life room 1 Residential kitchen 2 Office – item work 4 Office – outlining 6 Office – corridors 0.5 Schools – schoolrooms 2 Schools – art suites 4 Hospitals – wards 1 Hospitals – waiting suites 2 Sports installations 2 Warehouse – majority storage 0.5 Warehouse – medium size storage 1 Warehouse – little point storage 2 Calculating a twenty-four hours light factor based on the edifice design includes window/skylight sizes, overhangs/light shelves, glass types, and exterior/ interior refelectances can go really complex. A simple regulation of pollex to come close the twenty-four hours light factor for twenty-four hours lit infinites utilizing perpendicular Windowss is img alt="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/1329345.002.png"D = 0.1 tens PG Where Calciferol= daytime factor PG= per centum of glass to floor country. For illustration, a 1000sft office infinite has 200sft of Windowss, and so the twenty-four hours light factor will be DF = 0.1 x ( 200/1000 ) = .02 or 2 % The twenty-four hours light factor degrees can be loosely classified into three classs: Under 2 Between 2 and 5 Over 5 Not adequately illume Adequately lit Well lit Room looks glooming under twenty-four hours light entirely Artificial lighting may be used partially Artificial illuming by and large non required except at morning and twilight Artificial lighting will be required But blaze and solar addition may do jobs Daylight factor contours: The twenty-four hours light factor inside a room will change harmonizing to place. Day light factors are frequently given as working plane contours. Tall windows supply deeper twenty-four hours light incursion, while multiple Windowss provide more even twenty-four hours light distribution. Appraisal of twenty-four hours light factors: The twenty-four hours light factor inside an bing edifice can be measured straight utilizing a photometer which gives a direct reading of the twenty-four hours light factor. In the design phase, twenty-four hours light factors can be predicted utilizing: Design tabular arraies ; Waldram diagram ; Computer plans ; Scale theoretical accounts ; Day light factor protractors. Day light factor analysis: In malice of the twenty-four hours light factor popularity as an index of twenty-four hours light public presentations, daylight factor has some serious restrictions. Day light factor doesn’t take consideration, the location of the edifice. DF can non stand for the alteration in illumination degrees indoors, due to the temporal fluctuations of the sky luminosity. The orientation of the frontage of the edifice has no consequence in twenty-four hours light computation. Da Y light factor doesn’t buttocks blaze caused by the twenty-four hours lighting. Glare is a major issue necessitating careful considerations during the design phase. Day light factor is non specific about the clime. LITERATURE REVIEW: Light is every bit much a â€Å"material† for edifice as the rocks, bricks, and other constituents used in building ; for, although there would be no wall without its structural constituents, the wall has no existent being for us unless it corresponds to a animal feeling, gained with our eyes and substantiated with our heads. Derek Phillips Natural visible radiation is recognized and varied for the qualities that it offers. Man’s faith, wellness and civilization has immense positive impact due to twenty-four hours lighting, since ages. The demand for natural light in insides has been investigated by illuming applied scientists, doctors and psychologists for several centuries, and therefore had a profound consequence on twenty-four hours lighting, the scientific discipline of natural light. Research on the effects of the want of visible radiation, the demand for position and effects on biological procedures have confirmed the factual bases for this demand. Features of Natural Light: Natural visible radiation that enters any room consists of two basic parts, viz. direct sunshine ( sunstroke ) and diffused fanlight.Roger Neal Goldstein in his Research on Natural Light in Architectural Designprovinces that by carefully pointing a window or a roof-light one can let for the incursion of both the elements of natural visible radiation, if desired. Harmonizing toMillet ( 1996 ) ,the aglow consequence of all light beginnings depends on four factors: The Source ( its strength, its directional features, its coloring material ) The Geometry ( its relationship between the beginning and the receiving system or having surface ) Different Surfaces inside the Space ( The surfaces that receive and modify visible radiation, going secondary visible radiation beginnings in themselves by reflecting, airting and coloring visible radiation ; and the individual who views the beginning and lighted surfaces as he or she moves about. ) Motion and Visual Perception of the Observer. He besides declares that by detecting how light behaves, we can work with it to uncover architecture. THE Beginning: Harmonizing to Millet ( 1996 ) , â€Å"Each peculiar topographic point has its visible radiation. Light showing topographic point encompasses two distinguishable facets: The topographic point itself, its physical characteristic and features that determine how it differs at any given minute from any other topographic point and The peculiar set of alterations that take topographic point within it over clip, making typical forms of diurnal and seasonal alterations. Sukhtej Singh Gill in his paper on the Study of the Characteristics of Natural Light in Selected Buildings by Le Corbusier, Louis. I.Kahn and Tadao Ando references that â€Å"these significances change the manner light interacts with the built environment.† â€Å" The window is a major constituent of the spacial record between interior and outside. With its size relation to the solid wall, it determines the way in which attending is focused. With its inside informations, it defines the passage between the room and landscape. † ( Millet 1996, p. 96 ) It is in this passage of natural visible radiation from exterior to the inside that a infinite is transformed and its character is defined. Intensity: The strength of visible radiation is judged based on the perceptual experience of the objects it tends to foreground. Lam ( 1977 ) states that â€Å" Percepts of the aglow environment ever include an affectional constituent an appraising or emotional response to the sensed province of personal businesss. † Opinions in a infinite, such as visible radiation or dark, bright or glooming, interesting or dull, sparkle or blaze, depend on whether or non the aglow environment meets our outlooks and satisfies our demands for ocular information by stressing what we want or need to see instead than the existent luminosity degrees in a infinite. Directional Feature: The directional features of natural visible radiation are defined out of the motion of the Sun across the sky. The deepness shadows and the contrast between two surfaces are born out of the directional features of the beginning of natural visible radiation one time interrupted by a physical plane or boundary. These are associated with the character of a infinite and aid to pull a meaningful relation with the beginning at all times of a twenty-four hours, month or season of a twelvemonth. Tannizaki ( 1997 ) describes that the beauty of a Nipponese room depends on a fluctuation of shadows, heavy shadows against light shadows. Light is an unerasable portion of our experience of life. It helps us understand the overall deepness of the scene by showcasing the difference between the bright and the dark. Color: The usage of colour can change the perceptual experience of a infinite. Lighter colourss reflect more light and the room appears to be of a greater size. When painted with dark colourss that tend to absorb most of the light falling on the surface, the same room appears much smaller in size. The visible radiation that filters through a coloured glass can alter the chromaticity of the base colour of the surface on which it falls. Apart from this, natural visible radiation alterations in colour as the instance is when comparing the forenoon, afternoon or flushing visible radiation from the Sun, but this alteration is compensated by our outlook in the manner we perceive the same infinite at different times of a twenty-four hours. Harmonizing to Philips ( 2004 ) , â€Å" the experience of natural colour, for whilst the physical colour of our universe as experienced in daylight changes from twilight to click, the alterations are portion of our experience ; we compensate automatically, a white wall appears a white wall even if in the eventide it may be warmer, or is coloured by sunshine, or altered by cloud formations†¦ . it is the colour we regard as natural † . THE GEOMETRY: Light is non perceptible without signifier and frailty versa says Sukhtej Singh Gill in his paper â€Å" The Study of Characteristics of Natural Light in Selected Buildings Designed by Le Corbusier, Louis. I. Kahn and Tadao Ando † . He quotes Millet ‘s statements that â€Å" Natural visible radiation that renders signifier seeable is ever altering, but we perceive the signifier as stable due to out perceptual procedure†¦ . Shadows aid in the perceptual experience of the signifier and the spacial deepness†¦ Extreme brightness or darkness can fade out a signifier as they tend to film over the inside informations and befog the soundness of a stuff†¦ Silhouetting is one of the ways in which visible radiation from the roof glazing can uncover the construction. † Importance: Research identified benefits of daytime, sunshine every bit good as position for people’s wellness and Wellbeing. Peoples believe that working under natural daytime is better for wellness and wellbeing than electric Light( Veitch et al. , 1993/1996 ) Less asthenopia( Cowling et al. , 1990 ) ,higher productiveness( Visher 1989 ) ,more effectual acquisition( Heshong et al 1999 ) Daylight is better for psychological comfort, for office visual aspect and pleasantness, for general wellness, for ocular wellness, and for color visual aspect of people and trappingss( Heerwagen et al.,1986 ) Having a window, or holding entree to daylight, improves satisfaction with illuming( Veitch et al.,2003 ) In deep on the job infinites people have a strong penchant for being near the Windowss( Christoffersenet al. , 1999 ) Mentions: A Study of the Natural Light In Selected Buildings Designed by Le Corbusier, Louis. I. Kahn and Tadao Ando by Sukhtej Singh Gill ; 2006 Natural Light in Architectural Design: Component and Determinant by Roger Neal Goldstein ; MIT ;1976 Day light benefits in wellness attention edifices, by prof. DTG Strong. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.arefianatelier.com/interior-light-effects-on-human-mood-and-social-behaviour.html Natural light presentation, by kjeld johnso. Health and Light, by John Nash 1973. Daylighting controls (hypertext transfer protocol: //windows.lbl.gov/comm_perf/daylight/esl321.html) hypertext transfer protocol ; //home.wlv.ac.uk/~in6840/Daylightfactor.htm daylight factor versusdaylihgt handiness in computer-based daylihgting simulations by Karen Kensek and Jae Yong Suk 1|Page How to cite Day Light Factor in Office Spaces, Essay examples

Family and Church Essay Example For Students

Family and Church Essay Family and Church: Enduring InstitutionsI.General Family LifeAs a result of myths of white family life, there has been much confusion over the nature ofblack families. One of the myths of the nineteenth century entails the close- knit white family, which was parallel to that of the European family. Also, as a result of these myths, scholars often ignored the differences of American and European life. For example, women in frontier areas had a much stronger voice in family affairs than most scholars realized, simply because of the shortage of women. Therefore, women exercised a large percentage of authority in the family. In the cities where family was of little importance as an economic unit and the father was often at work, the care of the children was primarily the responsibility of the mother. By 1880, the American family became more democratic. After the second half of the nineteenth century, changes in the nature and functions of the family occurred. For example, changes such as industrialization, improvements in transportation, the weakening of religious bonds, and increased knowledge of birth control, led to more working wives and more premarital sex, downgraded the importance of family. As a result of relaxed divorce laws and a greater emphasis on romantic love, there was an increase in the number of divorces. By the 1970s, one in every three marriages ended in divorce, the failure rate for new marriages was thirty percent, nine million people were divorced or separated, and twelve million single individuals were heading households with children. There were so many divorces that a large number of whites were practicing serial monogamy, meaning one person having only one spouse at time, but more than one in his or her lifetime. Most often researchers speak of the pathological disorganization of the black family and imply that all black families are matriarchal, meaning the woman is the head of the household. The dangerous part of this myth was popularized by Daniel P. Moyhnihan, who asserted that the pathological weakness of the black family was, capable of perpetuating itself without the assistance from the white world. The weakness of the black family may be seen as a direct result of centuries of white oppression of blacks and not as inherent and immutable. The black family grew out of a complex combination of African traditions, Christian beliefs, and adjustments made to slavery. In Africa, family was considered a strong institution, stressing the dominance of males, the significance of children, and extended kinship networks. American societies generally forbade extramarital sex yet regarded sexual intercourse as a healthy, natural act unconnected with sin. The enslavement of the African resulted in the evolution of new family practices. Men were forced to share authority with women and parents no longer completely shaped the destiny of their children. II.White Church Support for the Slave FamilyThe slave family received its primary institutional support from southern white churches. In some sermons prepared only for slaves, ministers stressed biblical prohibitions against premarital sexual intercourse, adultery, fornication and the separation of mates. Southern clergymen considered the family second only to the church as a force that insured morality abandoned attempts to abolish slavery in the first decades of the nineteenth century. Clergymen were forced to determine the relationship between bondage, marriage, property, and Christianity. Due to their concern with morality, the churches began in the 1740s to insist that the slaves be married in Christian ceremonies. Many denominations required ministers to perform slave weddings. The churches frequently investigated charges of adultery and fornication and tried to promote the development of Christian family practices in the quarters. They often excommunicated or publicly criticized slaves for abandoning their mates, premarital pregnancies, and engaging in extramarital sex. The minimum wage Controversy EssayV.The Importance of the Development of an Independent Black ChurchMuch of the strength of the black woman and the afro-American family can be attributed to their roots in the black church. From slavery to emancipation, embattled blacks found comfort in the biblical injunction to, refrain thy voice from weeping, and they shall come again from the land of the enemy (Jeremiah 31:16). What distinguished the black church from its white counterpart was its adherence to the nationalistic theology of liberation, reform, and uplift. Before blacks could preach deliverance to the captives, they had to establish independent churches. The first independent church had its beginning in 1787 when Philadelphia blacks, led by Richard Allen and Abaslom Jones, formed benevolent organization, the Free African Society. Throughout the north, free blacks rejected segregated seating arrangements and formed many all-black congregations between 1790 and the 1830s. The blacks retained liturgy of the white denominations and sought to affiliate their churches with the white ones, but in those churches that gave blacks no voice in the state and national associations, blacks began to establish separate and independent denominations. Led by Richard Allen, Daniel Coker, and Stephen Hall, black Methodists met in Philadelphia in 1816 and founded the African Methodist Episcopal Church as an independent national association. The year 1809 saw the building of the First African Baptist Church in Philadelphia, the African Baptist Church of Boston, and the Abyssian Baptist Church in New York City. By 1840, there were more than 300 separate northern black churches, including six Episcopal, three Presbyterian, one Congregational, and one Lutheran. In their calls for moral improvement, Christian virtues, education, temperance, charity, and benevolence, nineteenth century black churches differed little from white ones. Like white churches, black denominations supported home and foreign missions in an effort to spread the gospel. However, blacks did place greater stress on characterizing Africa and the West Indies than did whites. The black clergy felt that Afro Americans had a special duty to regenerate the land of their fathers. The African Methodist Episcopal Church established a mission in Haiti in 1827, for instance, to aid in making the Haitian nationality and government, strong, powerful, and commanding am ong the civilized nations of the earth. VI.Literary Praise for the Black ChurchBlack poets, less critical of black religion than novelists, captured more of the essential spirit of the church than most scholars could. While occasionally complaining about the excessive humility of black Christians, the poets used the rhythm and message of sermons, prayers and services in celebration of Gods love and promise of deliverance. The black minister, portrayed sympathetically, was also a favorite subject of black poets. Like James Weldon Johnson, many of the poets reproduced the cadences and messages of the folk sermon. They portrayed the ministers beautiful word pictures. Among the best of them was Paul Laurence Dunbars 1896 poem, An Antebellum Sermon, which demonstrates the black preachers attempt tocorrelate biblical messages with his flocks hope of early rewards.

Smoking health promotion free essay sample

In this reflection I will be using Gibbs Model of Reflection (Jasper M, 2003). I will be talking about a patient who was advised to give up smoking, as part of promoting health to the patient but not directly linked to their illness and treatment. What Happened. I had a patient come into the ward who had had surgery, but this patient was overweight and a smoker which always effects the procedure and recovery. During the nights they had to sleep with a machine to help him breath but during the days he would still manage to get outside for a smoke while he was in recovery. Obviously this was a bad thing that was happening to this patient as smoking can slow down recovery because it effects how the body works with regards to oxygen intake and oxygen circulation (Thibodeau Patton 2010). As smoker though, I can see how the patient would of benefitted emotionally as smoking can relieve stress and boredom, though these temporary fixes don’t outweigh the health problems it was obviously causing the patient. We will write a custom essay sample on Smoking health promotion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page One of the nurses on duty and myself tried talking to the patient about their smoking and the first thing we needed to know is if they would like help to quit. As this is important because to change, the patient has to want to change (Cocoran N, 2007). The model from Prochaska and diclemente (1984) illustrates this point very well with their trans theoretical model of change. We tried to explain how smoking could effect this patient’s ability to heal and also problems caused to their breathing during the night. I understood why the nurse was suggesting this and that I should be promoting health also but if the patient needed to smoke for that short term fix, then why shouldn’t they be able to. Personally I felt like a bit of a hypocrite because I smoke myself and to promote it to someone else that they should not smoke did not seem right, but as a nurse, professionally I know we have to do this, and I have to remember that it is the patient in the bed who needs to recover from surgery, not me. What sense I made of this. I brought this up with the nurse later on and asked if it wasn’t better for the patient to have some emotional relief from smoking while they were in hospital, rather than saying they can’t smoke and the patient becoming ‘stressed out’. The nurse said that I wasn’t understanding health promotion properly. She explained that if the patient chooses to smoke whilst in hospital it is up to them, but that she was concerned with the long term effects of smoking, so the nurse was thinking about him even when he would be discharged from our ward. I understood what the nurse was doing now and saw logic behind what she was saying the patient and explaining to myself. My understanding as to why smoking effects the bodies healing ability is due to a number of reasons. Smoking destroys the cilia in the throat which helps us fight infections and rids us of bacteria and micro-organisms (Layman 2004). Also when people smoke they intake carbon monoxide and other substances that obstruct and kill alveoli which passes oxygen into the blood (Norris and Siegfied 2012) and for tissue to heal it needs a good blood supply that is richly saturated with oxygen . We tried to explain this to the patient in a simple way so that there was not any medical jargon. What did I do The patient seemed to be up for the idea of stopping smoking but I had feeling it was a little bit of ‘lip service’ because he was being polite. We told the patient that there are numerous ways to help quit smoking. There was a smoking cessation nurse who would offer advice, tips, and plans to help to quit. We mentioned that there were numerous products help quit smoking such as chewing gum, patches, tablets and sprays. The patient asked about Electronic Cigarettes and I argued that it is a little healthier because all the toxins are not present that you would get in regular tobacco, but its not really an aid to quitting because there is still nicotine in the electric cigarettes and that is what we get addicted to. What could I of done During the time we were explaining to the patient about thinking to stop smoking there wasn’t much I feel I could have done or added to what the nurse was already saying. The nurse covered most of the routes that help and support could have been provided. Action Plan If I came across this again I would hope that I know enough now to explain to a patient why they should think about not smoking whilst in recovery and also keeping it going long term so that they can benefit from it after they are discharged. I could give them some leaflets and things and getting them in contact with the smoking cessation nurse. I could empathise why they are smoking whilst they are in hospital but maybe try and use a diversion tactic to try and get them avoiding smoking whilst they are in recovery on the ward.

Trends that older workers need to watch for in 2018

Trends that older workers need to watch for in 2018 Attention Baby Boomers- not all trends are created equal. Each year, we see a variety of new workplace trends take hold, which often vary by industry, geography, and even individual demographics. One of these factors is age- simply put, there are trends in the job world that affect older individuals differently, based on their level of experience, personal needs, comfort level in a rapidly changing work environment, and longevity in the job market. Older workers- specifically Baby Boomers (individuals born between 1946 and 1964), face some unique issues and challenges in the work world. This aging population possesses a wealth of work experience, knowledge, and expertise, but is growing older in a workplace that increasingly prizes youth and vitality, and many are approaching the age where retirement is a consideration. According to a recent Pew Research Center study, approximately 29% of the workforce in the United States- which represents approximately 45 million workers- is part o f the Baby Boomer generation. Although this number continues to shrink each year, it’s still a significant amount of people. Therefore, it’s worth taking a closer look at the trends these older folks can expect to encounter in the workplace in 2018.More flexible work arrangementsAlthough this may not seem like much of a departure from the norm for younger workers, older workers who are typically more used to the traditional Monday to Friday, 9 to 5 office arrangement may need some time to get used to the changing notion of what it means to be â€Å"at work.† Advances in technology have made it easier than ever before to work remotely and telecommute- and older workers will get the opportunity to take more advantage of the flexibility this allows.Baby Boomers who work in fields in which telecommuting is a viable option and possess the technical knowhow can expect to encounter more flexible work arrangements in 2018. This is often a good thing, allowing for a fast er, easier, and less expensive commute to the office- which might now just mean walking into one of the rooms in your house.Rise in contract employmentAnother trend in the workplace that may hit Baby Boomers harder than their younger counterparts is the change in how employers are hiring individuals to meet their needs. Many companies are embracing leaner approaches to work by using technology to get more work done with less people on their payrolls. Companies are also increasingly relying on unorthodox work arrangements, which means a shift from full-time employees and towards a greater reliance on contract, freelance, and part-time workers to get things done.Why is this especially concerning for Baby Boomers? These new workplace arrangements typically don’t include benefits like medical and dental insurance, which usually become more essential as workers get older, so workers are going to have to get creative and seek out alternative means for coverage. Another thing missin g from most forms of contract employment are retirement benefits, which will impact how workers prepare and save for retirement in the future.Delaying retirementSpeaking of retirement†¦a growing trend that many older workers are facing is the notion of having to delay exiting the workforce for as long as possible. According to a recent article by U.S. News World Report, this can be attributable to a wide range of factors, including older workers not having enough money saved, needing health insurance, desiring to stay active and productive, and simply enjoying working and passing on their knowledge and skills to a new generation of employees. Whether by choice or not, older workers who are looking to delay retirement are going to have to learn how to effectively navigate the changing landscape of the work world and plan for the future.These are the biggest trends older workers can expect to encounter in 2018. Those employees who will prove most successful in coping with a rapi dly evolving workplace will stay one step ahead of these trends and strategize accordingly.

Ontological Arguments and Belief in God Assignment

Ontological Arguments and Belief in God - Assignment Example His argument, however, was wholly rejected by Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas’s suggestion was that there is no way that mere mortals can conceive what God’s nature is, and thus we surely cannot conceive God like Anselm has said we can (Oppy 122-3). Therefore, this argument can be used only by the ones who can understand the true essence of God and that cannot be anyone but God Himself. David Hume was another philosopher who went against Anselm’s argument. His criticism was that it has no evidential reasoning. His argument was that the existence of a being cannot be proved simply through a priori reasoning. Cleanthes has proposed this argument in the following words: ...there is an evident absurdity in pretending to demonstrate a matter of fact, or to prove it by any arguments a priori. Nothing is demonstrable, unless the contrary implies a contradiction. Nothing, that is distinctly conceivable, implies a contradiction. Whatever we conceive as existent, we can also conce ive as non-existent. There is no being, therefore, whose non-existence implies a contradiction. Consequently there is no being, whose existence is demonstrable (Fieser 232). Yet another proposal was made by Pascal regarding the existence of God; he stated that His existence cannot be decided upon by means of reason and that a logical person should consider that God does exist since there has to be one being who can only gain and not lose anything. However, Pascal’s suggestion was solely for the Christian God and he said there is a possibility of certain people not believing in God in spite of receiving enormous benefits after acknowledging God’s presence, even if for a bet. William Paley was a Christian apologist, utilitarian and philosopher and had his own belief in God. His book Natural Theology presents the proof regarding God’s existence. Paley, like Aquinas, felt that we cannot know about the qualities of God, even if He exists. The fact he argued for was t hat there are much more evidences for the statement that God exists than objections against it. Paul Davies, a theoretical physicist, cosmologist, astrobiologist and author, has written a book regarding the existence of God. His latest book deals with natural theology which suggests that proof for the existence and nature of God is possible to be derived from the reflection we make of the natural world. Davies has used the latest discoveries and scientific facts from physics and cosmology to come to a conclusion regarding the classical theological queries. Answer 2: Anselm has provided certain reasoning in favour of the existence of God. His proposal was that God is the greatest being. And He is perfect. His perfections themselves prove that He exists because perfection requires existence. If He is perfect he definitely exists, no arguments about that for sure. Pascal said that even if one does not have any proof of God’s existence it is better to believe in one rather than r isk his afterlife and lose everything later, while having the time of his life in the world. Pascal talked about the super-dominance argument which states that in case it is true that God really exists the theists would be able to have eternal paradise and atheists, on the other hand, would go through eternal damnation. However, if there is no God the theists would have complete but finite happiness before dying. Atheists would be the same except that they would not have the comforts of religion. Thus, whether God exists or doesn’t, it is the theists who are better off than the atheists. Another argument in favour of the existence of God was by Aquinas, and it was cosmology based. According to his argument the objects that we find to be moving are

Kepak case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Kepak case study - Essay Example Therefore, Kepak, over the years, has taken certain strategic initiatives such as commencing business through Agra Trading, offering convenience foods along with building a snacking brand spread across European market horizon among others. These incisive strategies as well as the use of co-opetition strategy can be invaluable prospects for the company in the future. However, it has to guard against aspects such as overcapacity to mitigate losses and to avoid downfall in sales. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Kepak has been recognized to be a leading player in the Irish Beef Industry which has over the years tacked several difficult scenarios with its incisive strategic capabilities. The company initially started its operations as a retail business of butchers. However, it gained its major success through supply of its wholesale beef products in the varied market segments especially the UK market. It has been recognized that the beef or meat industry possesses certain significan t challenges for companies operating in the industry such as threat of new entrants, and high buyers’ bargaining power among others. ... nts 3 Introduction 4 Analysis of Kepak’s Business Environment 5 Kepak’s Current Strategy 8 Critical Appraisal of the Strategy 10 References 14 Introduction Kepak was established by Noel Keating, initially as a retail business of butchers during the mid-1960s. Subsequently, Noel Keating commenced the supply of wholesale beef to the food service sector as well as in large markets. The industry for beef in European Union and Ireland during 1970s and 1980s was considered as a commodity business. The process of selling beef under the intervention of Common Agricultural Policy of European Union (EU) was extensively utilised mainly in the regions of North Africa and Middle East. During this period, the strategy used by Kepak was to decrease the prices of products and increase the margin of sales for building Economies of scale and achieving greater monetary success. In that situation, Noel Keating was of the view that the intervention which was applied in the conduction of bus iness was not sustainable in the long run. This prompted him to formulate a strategy based on customer service and differentiation. It was during this period that Kepak started working with Coop Italia, the leading meat producer which was well known for rendering utmost quality based offerings. The company recruited a set of Irish farmers to enhance the quality of production along with maintaining the needs of the customers in the global market context. Kepak used to sell the beef products to Irish and EU retailers for their own profitability and enhancement of their product line. The company also looked for maintaining the quality of products and delivering it to the customers. It has been stated that about 25% of beef volume and quality standards are rigorously controlled by Kepak through the

Marketing Essays Customer Product Needs

Marketing Essays Customer Product Needs Customer Product Needs Marketing is the process of identifying customer needs and then introducing a product according to those needs. Marketers introduce products in the market so that we can consume everyday. When we buy a product we pay for marketing each time. Marketing acts as an important role in our daily lives. Marketing is basically satisfying customer needs which increase the quality of life and better standard of living. There are two main parties involved in marketing buyers and sellers. Marketing includes the activities of a company associated with buying and selling a product or service. In order to sell the products marketers try to promote their products by different types of medium. The most famous type is bill boards and signs. The internet has been the most easiest and effective way of promoting products to the customers. Magazines, T.V, Radio and newspapers are other ways of introducing products. Marketing is all about selling, delivering products to consumers, promotion of new products to attract customers. There are many definitions of marketing. One of the great management thinkers Peter Drucker said something which acts as a good reminder of the value of good marketing: The aim of marketing is to know and understand the customer so well; the product or service fits him and sells itself. – Peter Drucker http://www.powerpr.com/newsletter.html Marketing Communication: Marketing communication is subdivided into 4 features: Advertising: Advertising is transmitting information to the customers by various kinds of media by paying sum amount of money. It is basically to attract the customers to buy the products. In order words advertising is a publicity to influence the people to purchase the specific product. Advertising media includes T.V, newspaper, cinema, radio, posters, billboards and internet. It promotes the products and tries to convince the consumers to buy a product by pressure that it is more desirable for them than others. Advertising can be done by the organizations, industries as well as by individuals. Advertising can also be used combining with other marketing communications. The amount of advertising in UK can be recognized through posters, billboards and T.V. It has been estimated that the drinks industry spends over  £200 million on advertising and that between 1 and 2 percentage of national income is spent on advertising in United Kingdom. http://www.answers.com/topic/advertising?cat=biz-fin Sales promotion: Sales promotions are the excellent offers to persuade the customers to buy goods and services. Normally to increase in the sales of an organization for the short period and sometimes to sold out the old stock. These are the tricks to trap the customer for the particular product. There are varieties of sales promotions methods to that a business can use to make products appealing. Some of the methods are as under: Discount vouchers: Customers been sent the coupons, or they themselves tear off from the magazines and newspapers which enables them to get the particular product in low price by showing the coupon. Competitions: Sometimes when a customer purchase a product, allows them to enter the draw to win a prize (for e.g. cash, cars, electronics, air tickets etc.) Free gifts: Sometimes when the product is bought by the customers they get another product free with it or sometimes different prizes instantly. Loyalty cards: These are those cards which allow the customers to earn points on the cards when they buy products, later on which can be redeemed as cash or goods. (for e.g. Tesco club card, nectar etc.) Loyalty cards have become the most important bright form of sales promotion. http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/marketing_promotion_sales.htm Public relations: Public relation doesn’t deal with the product and services. It mainly deals in making good relations between employees or customers. The primary function is to have the trust of public understanding. Examples of public relations are worker preparation, support of charitable events etc. In this type of marketing communication the organization aimed for the increase in sales by improving the image of the company and product. http://www.learnthat.com/define/view.asp?id=52 Direct marketing: Convey of advertising message directly to the consumer on individual basis through any type of medium. The main difference between direct marketing and other kind of promotion is that you have close relation with the needs of the customer and succeed in delivering a message. http://www.investorwords.com/1447/direct_marketing.html Integrated Marketing Communication: The management of the organization is planned in such a way that all the feature of marketing communication work together rather then allows them to work separately. As mentioned above marketing communication includes sales promotion, advertising, direct marketing and public relations. Integrated marketing communication good idea for making business more profit. All the marketing communication departments work together for the betterment and profitably of an organization. They company use only one approach towards everything. Integrated Marketing Communication is more than the management of a companys outgoing message between different media and the reliability of the message throughout. It is a destructive marketing plan that captures and uses a vast amount of customer information in setting and tracking marketing strategy. It can be also defines as a holistic approach to promote buying and selling of digital economy. A management concept which is mainly designed to make all aspects of marketing communication such as advertising, sales promotion, public relations, and direct marketing work together as a combined force, rather than allowing each to work in remoteness. In practice, the goal of Integrated Marketing Communication is to create a single appearance or message in all fundamentals of a marketing campaign. A successful integrated marketing communication plan should be customize what is required by the client based on time, budget and resources to reach the target or goals. Small business can start an integrated marketing communication plan on a small budget by creating a website, email and SEO. A large business organization can start an integrated communication plan on a larger budget than a small organization. They can use things like print, mail order radio, TV plus many other online ad campaigns. The main aim at the end is to sell their product. TV is used in order to get the generation aware of the product where as Prints are used to educate the public and Radio is also used to keep the message delivered on the top of the mind. There are 3 Ps which one has to remember in integrated marketing communication which are the first one is for product. This means that overall everything is done for the customers. What are consumer requirements and what they desire? The goods they are looking for and what are the benefits in demands, and what are the unfulfilled demands. The second P is the price. One has to look at the cost which the customers are looking for. What is their perception of the cost of the goods and how much are they able to pay and willing to spend. The third P is for the place or distribution. This means where to sell their goods, and which is the best possible place to promote you affectively. David Ogilvy thinks IMC means providing â€Å"one stop shopping†, setting up your agency to deliver all the functions a client might want to buy, and learning to manage them together. Maybe this is a tail. David further said that IMC may be the key to getting away from the disease of talking about creativity all the time and getting back to focus on sales. This is at least leg. Integrated Marketing Communication can also be called as integration of all promotional tools. All of the communications tools work better if they work together in agreement rather than working separately. While different departments such as sales, direct mail and advertising can help each other through Data Integration. This requires a marketing information system which collects and shares relevant data across different departments. Marketing and communications objectives must support the higher level corporate objectives and corporate missions. http://marketing.about.com/od/marketingglossary/g/imcdef.htm Marketing communications comprises five broad categories: Personal selling, advertising, public relations, direct marketing and sales promotions. Each has its own set of pros and cons and can be accomplished in a variety of ways. However, the key is to look at the available options in a comprehensive way and to ensure consistency throughout the selected media. The selection of communications methods is subject to a variety of factors. The factors that influence the selection and effectiveness of a promotional mix include: †¢ Nature of the market (market size, geographic scope, type of customer, etc.) †¢ Nature of the product (complexity of the product, service requirements, etc.) †¢ Stage in the product life-cycle (earlier versus later stages of the life cycle) †¢ Price (high versus low unit price) †¢ Funds available for promotion This funding point is very relevant to all companies. Budgeting is an essential function of the IMC process. The following items impact the budget determinations: †¢ Percentage-of-sales method (a specified percentage of either past or forecasted sales) †¢ Fixed-sum-per-unit method (predetermined dollar amount for each unit sold or produced) †¢ Meeting competition method (match competitor’s promotional outlays) †¢ Task-objective method (amount and type of promotional spending needed to achieve promotional Objectives) Advantages of Integrated Marketing Communication: The key advantages of using integrated marketing communication or IMC is that it is indispensable and cost effective to any organization. IMC talks about the four different messages that an organization has to know of so it can run if not manipulate. In order to effectively integrate public relations and marketing, there are six procedures that have to be followed to achieve an organization’s objective. In order to attain the organizations goals, public relations practitioners are commonly asked to perform many other tasks side by side with advertising and marketing. It total communication program is merged with public relations, it not only save time and money but strengthen the organizations capacity to safeguard the reliability of the product or service. (Miller Rose, 1994). Public relations practitioners are told everyday to design programs that are compatible with marketing and advertising strategies accurately and cost effectively. Public relations can help to attain marketing objectives and increase awareness by playing a very tactical role (Miller Rose, 1994). Public relations are anticipated to notify as well as persuade behavior, generate an environment for customer acceptance and build trust. These activities can best be done by working with marketing and advertising functions in the organization (Miller Rose, 1994). In order for public relations, advertising and marketing to work more efficiently the three functions need to be more closely aligned. One approach to IMC was developed by program director, Tom Duncan and his faculty at the University of Colorado. Duncans IMC Message Typology explains the four messages that an organization needs to be aware of so it can control, or if not control, then perhaps influence. The four types of messages are; planned, inferred, maintenance and unplanned. Although Integrated Marketing Communications requires a lot of effort it delivers many benefits. It can create competitive advantage, boost sales and profits, while saving money, time and stress. IMC wraps communications around customers and helps them move through the various stages of the buying process. The organization simultaneously consolidates its image, develops a dialogue and nurtures its relationship with customers. This Relationship Marketing cements a bond of loyalty with customers which can protect them from the inevitable onslaught of competition. The ability to keep a customer for life is a powerful competitive advantage. IMC also increases profits through increased effectiveness. At another level, initial research suggests that images shared in advertising and direct mail boost both advertising awareness and mail shot responses. So IMC can boost sales by stretching messages across several communications tools. Carefully linked messages also help buyers by giving timely reminders, updated information and special offers which, when presented in a planned sequence, help them move comfortably through the stages of their buying process and this reduces their misery of choice in a complex and busy world. IMC also makes messages more reliable and therefore more believable. This reduces risk in the mind of the buyer which, in turn, shortens the search process and helps to dictate the outcome of brand comparisons. Un-integrated communications send disjointed messages which weaken the impact of the message. This may also confuse, frustrate and arouse anxiety in customers. On the other hand, integrated communications present a reassuring sense of order. Consistent images and relevant, useful, messages help raise long term relationships with customers. Here, customer databases can identify accurately which customers need what information when they need and throughout their whole buying life. Finally, IMC saves money as it eliminates duplication in areas such as graphics and photography since they can be shared and used in say, advertising, exhibitions and sales literature. Integrated Marketing Communications Moriarty, Sandra E. PR and IMC: The benefits of integration. Public Relations Quarterly, Fall94, Vol. 39 Issue 3, p38, 7p, 1bw. Once IMC strategy has been determined, marketing managers look to control the four basic elements of the marketing mix: product, price, place, and promotion, known as the four Ps of marketing. Since these four variables are controllable, the best mix of these elements is determined to reach the selected target market. Product: The first element in the marketing mix is the product. Products can be either tangible or intangible. Tangible products are products that can be touched; intangible products are those that cannot be touched, such as services. There are three basic levels of a product: core, actual, and augmented. The core product is the most basic level, what consumers really buy in terms of benefits. For example, consumers do not buy food processors, per se; rather, they buy the benefit of being able to process food quickly and efficiently. The next level of the product is the actual product—in the case of the previous example, food processors. Products are typically sorted according to the following five characteristics: quality, features, styling, brand name, and packaging. Finally, the augmented level of a product consists of all the elements that surround both the core and the actual product. The augmented level provides purchasers with additional services and benefits. For examp le, follow-up technical assistance and warranties and guaranties are augmented product components. When planning new products, firm managers consider a number of issues including product quality, features, options, styles, brand name, packaging, size, service, warranties, and return policies, all in an attempt to meet the needs and wants of consumers. Price: Price is the cost of the product paid by consumers. This is the only element in the marketing mix that generates revenue for firms. In order to generate revenue, managers must consider factors both internal and external to the organization. Internal factors take the form of marketing objectives, the marketing-mix strategy, and production costs. External factors to consider are the target market, product demand, competition, economic conditions, and government regulations. There are a number of pricing strategies available to marketing managers: skimming, penetration, quantity, and psychological. With a price-skimming strategy, the price is initially set high, allowing firms to generate maximum profits from customers willing to pay the high price. Prices are then gradually lowered until maximum profit is received from each level of consumer. Penetration pricing is used when firms set low prices in order to capture a large share of a market quickly. A quantity-pricing strategy p rovides lower prices to consumers who purchase larger quantities of a product. Psychological pricing tends to focus on consumer perceptions. For example, odd pricing is a common psychological pricing strategy. With odd pricing, the cost of the product may be a few cents lower than a full-dollar value. Consumers tend to focus on the lower-value full-dollar cost even though it is really priced closer to the next higher full-dollar amount. For example, if a good is priced at $19.95, consumers will focus on $19 rather than $20. Place: Place refers to where and how the products will be distributed to consumers. There are two basic issues involved in getting the products to consumers: channel management and logistics management. Channel management involves the process of selecting and motivating wholesalers and retailers, sometimes called middlemen, through the use of incentives. Several factors are reviewed by firm management when determining where to sell their products: distribution channels, market-coverage strategy, geographic locations, inventory, and transportation methods. The process of moving products from a manufacturer to the final consumer is often called the channel of distribution. Promotion: The last variable in the marketing mix is promotion. Various promotional tools are used to communicate messages about products, ideas, or services from firms and their customers. The promotional tools available to managers are advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, and publicity. For the promotional program to be effective, managers use a blend of the four promotional tools that best reaches potential customers. This blending of promotional tools is sometimes referred to as the promotional mix. The goal of this promotional mix is to communicate to potential customers the features and benefits of products. Get help with your essay from our expert essay writers IMC at BBC: The Bombay Bicycle Club is London 1st choice Indian cuisine restaurant. I joined the Islington branch 10 months ago. So I selected to write about this restaurant. It is called the 1st Indian cuisine franchise in London. The first restaurant was inaugurated at Clapham 20 year’s back which is, still favorite for many Londoners and chefs. Many braches have been opened after that, now The Bombay Bicycle Club owns around 18 braches, in different parts of London. The aim of the employers of the company is maximum satisfaction of consumers. According to Tana Ramsay (Gordon Ramsay) told to the latest issue of the London Magazine that â€Å"the Bombay Bicycle Club was a local favourite.†It has to be from the Battersea one though, thats the best† Marketing communication of the Bombay bicycle club is effective. They apply all the marketing features in order to get the maximum profit and consumer satisfaction. I will now analyze all the marketing communication according to The Bombay Bicycle Club. Advertising: Bombay Bicycle Club invests in for advertising too. They have different ways of advertising. Since online shopping is a rage these days, they have also invested in e-retailing and the respond is overwhelming. It’s been made easy for the convenience of consumers. Customers can order their food without any hassle of walking down or driving down and finding the parking space. They can order food right from home by just clicking on the updated menus. The customers also get a discount for ordering their food online. They also provide facilities for customers to book a table or the whole place online. They also have leaflets with menus which they distribute it to shops, customers, and even as poster on bikes and other vehicles. Even billboards are used at high traffic areas to attract new customers They have regular ads in the Local and other news papers in the United Kingdom. Newspapers are a good source of reaching out to a large number of people. Another way the Bombay Bicycle Club has implemented is the use of magazine ads, as magazine ads are generally better as they are able to reached the desired demographics Sales promotion: Every now and then the Bombay Bicycle Club gives out vouches or coupons to customers, with these coupons customers get discounts on the food and drinks depending upon the season. For the regular customers, there is a flat discount which they get every time they visit the place. Public relations: All the employees and the managers are courteous, friendly and the atmosphere of the restaurant is warm and homely. The satisfaction of the customer to the smallest detail is the main priority for Bombay Bicycle Club. It also takes part in any community services by distributing food and drinks completely free. Direct marketing: The Bombay Bicycle club is mainly a direct marketing establishment as there is more of human to human contact. People are given all the details of a food item ot any product on a individual basis Conclusion: After all the research I came to conclude that marketing plays an important role in the business. Marketing is basically satisfying customer needs which increase the quality of life and better standard of living. I came to know about the marketing communications. Advertising and sales promotion increases the sales of the organization which also increases the profitability of the company. Sales promotion and direct marketing makes the organization to keep in touch with the previous customers. It not only helps the organization to retain the valuable customers but also to attract new customers. In short if all these feature of marketing work together, they can expand their business, make large amount of money and retain the customers. References: [Accessed on April 19, 2008] http://www.powerpr.com/newsletter.html [Accessed on April 20, 2008] http://www.answers.com/topic/advertising?cat=biz-fin [Accessed on April 22, 2008] http://tutor2u.net/business/gcse/marketing_promotion_sales.htm [Accessed on April 22, 2008] http://www.learnthat.com/define/view.asp?id=52 [Accessed on April 23, 2008] http://www.investorwords.com/1447/direct_marketing.html [Accessed on April 23, 2008] http://marketing.about.com/od/marketingglossary/g/imcdef.htm [Accessed on April 17, 2008] http://www.multimediamarketing.com/mkc/marketingcommunications/ Moriarty, Sandra E. PR and IMC: The benefits of integration. Public Relations Quarterly, Fall94, Vol. 39 Issue 3, p38, 7p, 1bw. Dave H, Rob J, and Carlo R, (2000) Business Studies, Italy: LagoPrint

Anyone Can Be a Hero

Anyone Can Be a Hero By Jennifer L. Jefferson Com/150 July 8, 2012 Sonya Macon Anyone Can Be a Hero Everyone has heard through some type of media resource that there are no more heroes in the world today, that any or everyone we look up to has a bad reputation or not worth our time and eventually will steer us in the wrong direction. To our understanding this is not true there are heroes in our world, Webster dictionary defines hero as a male figure that displays superior courage and strength or a person who, in the opinion of others, has heroic qualities or has performed a heroic act and is regarded as a model or ideal.Heroes are everywhere we just need to look further and find the hero within the people we know personally or people we have heard about. A hero is strong and looked up to and admired by many or only a few. The Ordinary Heroes Throughout a person’s life we can experience many obstacles, challenges, and hardships; that we sometimes face alone. There is always tha t one person that we seek for guidance, inspiration or just to save us from anything. To some they are parents and grandparents to others they are called the ordinary heroes.In fact an ordinary hero truly can be anyone that appeals to be hard-working, loving and dedicated. That is why parents and grandparents are classified as ordinary heroes, in the eyes of young children they watch as their loved ones love, support, push and make plans for them to have a better life. It’s not easy growing up not having that one person that has your best interest at heart, but to have someone to struggle to make sure that their children and families have the best out of life is an amazing experience. As a son grows up and wants to follow in is father’s footsteps because while he was younger he watched how his father made everything possible come to life for him. On the web site â€Å"my hero†, a young man wrote something special about his father and he quoted â€Å"as I was wa ndering along a path trying to figure out what doors were safe to enter, and learning that I would need to be true to me, no matter the entry point, my father was making sure that any door I ended up at was unlocked and open† (Meyers 1995). What about a daughter who watchers her mother go through any and everything to make sure that she have the best and only the best.Of course, the grandchildren that live with their grandparents as they step in to take care of them, showing them that we are here to make sure that everything is just fine. Telling old stories about when they were young and how they lived their lives to make it easy for us. Since the day we were born, our parents and grandparents have inspired us, giving us wisdom, supported us and protected us, they are the most amazing people in our lives; they know what they want out of life and are not afraid to pursue their goals to make our lives worth living.Unsung Hero Lives worth living that were the unsung hero comes t o mind. An unsung hero is defined as a person who makes a substantive ye unrecognized contributions or a person whose bravery is unknown or unacknowledged. There is a multitude of people in the world today who are true unsung heroes that don’t even worry about getting the recognition that they are due; they just do whatever they can to make other people lives amazing. Wow, there is a person who is seen every day struggling with what is not an everyday occurrence.She works hard every day and through something that most individuals will fall to Chemotherapy. The metamorphosis she goes through with the ever changing symptoms experience within her outer and inner appearance is life altering. To look at her, no one would know or even think she was ill. She is also managing type II Diabetes and the treatment for her cancer interfered with her maintenance of her Diabetes. One would never know because she smiles and encourages everyone she engages with. She is an Unsung hero a hero t hat is no in the news, on the radio or even given an award too.This hero is not recognized by her family as doing anything special because they have become accustomed to now she pushes and continue to do for others. No one speaks of this hero in their political plat forms or when petitioning for the next best thing in the world to be among their personal items. This unsung hero is truly a hero for all times. Beyond the Story Book Remember reading or hearing while growing up about the people in story books, thinking about how everyone in them was so heroic and we wanted to be just like them.However, one that comes to mind is a story about a man name Robin Hood. Yes, he was an outlaw who robbed from the rich to give to the poor. On the web site â€Å"The bold outlaw† it gives a brief summary on Robin Hood’s life. â€Å"Robin Hood was a Saxon noble, and was forced into a life of banditry, using his cunning ways and eager servant’s, they helped themselves to the ki ngs gold and jewels, that were levied from the oppressed peasants† (Wright 2004). Although some may argue Robin Hood’s actions are not heroic.Perhaps, the better adjective to describe him would be brave. He was brave to risk his life with such a selfless act; taking from those with more to give to those with less. I don’t know of a modern day real life person that would do such a thing, give to the less fortunate by taking from those with fortunes and expect nothing in return but the satisfaction of knowing he helped someone is pay enough. Now, some may say what he did was wrong. I agree that stealing is wrong, however; his intentions were good.While displaying courage and sacrifice, this helpful act that Robin Hood did, has shown us how to treat the less fortunate with compassion and respect by returning to the oppressed what belonged to them was heroic enough to us. The Realistic Hero Finally, as we went through years in school learning about the history of our superior country, there was one man that was so real that he became the hero of all heroes. This great man was Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , a man of intelligence and willingness; that brought people everywhere together no matter what the cause or reason.With his speeches, marches and taking on different civil right tasks, he showed us and the world that no matter what race, gender or background, we are important. On the web site â€Å"more or less† it gives this great statement about Dr. King, â€Å"We pay tribute to Dr. King, the man who has never abandoned his faith in his unarmed struggle he is waging, who has suffered for his faith, who has been imprisoned on many occasions, whose home has been subject to bomb attacks, whose life and the lives of his family have been threatened, and who nevertheless has never faltered† (Harris 2008).His efforts were so outstanding that it led to the March on Washington in 1963 where he delivered his famous â€Å"I Have a Dreamâ⠂¬  speech, Dr. King being the youngest to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his hard work to end racial segregation and discrimination. On April 4, 1968 Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. , was assassinated in Memphis Tennessee. To give back to him for all that he has done for us we celebrate his life as a federal holiday on Jan 15. Dr. King was indeed a true hero because of his persistence and forward thinking that helped to begin equality for all.In conclusion, there are many types of heroes in the world today and that throughout life someone believed that they were heroes to them. No one can go through life without an ordinary, storybook or realistic hero in their life. Of course, everyone has their own opinion about what and who can be recognized as a hero, but in our eyes these heroes within this essay are real enough to be considered as heroes. Many of us don’t realize what a hero can be characterized as without using technology, if we step outside technology and look within ourselves to see the true hero that lives within we too can become a hero to someone.Today there are people who we call heroes, taking on the roles and responsibilities to show true leadership. Stand up and tell someone today that you appreciate them for being that one person who is loyal, dedicated, selfless and loving like a hero.References Harris, B. (2008), More or Less. Retrieved June 25, 2012 from http://www. moreorless. au. com Meyers, J. (1995), My Hero. Retrieved May 13, 2012 from http://myhero. com Wright, A. (2004), Robin Hood Story. Retrieved June 23, 2012 from http://theboldoutlaw. com

Is tuition classes important to sudents? Essay

Students these days are increasingly pressured to churn out better and better academic results. As such, parents and the students themselves feel it is necessary to enrol in tuition classes. These after school classes, often conducted by school teachers trying to earn a little extra cash, provide an avenue to those who wish to improve on the subjects they are weak in, or secure a distinction for those they are already proficient in. Nowadays, it is actually rare to find a student, aside for those with economic difficulties, that does not attend tuition class. However, is tuition really necessary? Many students of yesteryear managed to achieve high grades in their examinations while bereft of tuition classes. Students who completed their studies in the 70s up to the early 90s typically did not attend tuition class, yet their grades were no less spectacular than those today. This is mainly because studying for exams, like any other activity, is intrinsically driven. One cannot force a student who is not motivated to swallow volumes of text and regurgitate it out during exams any more than one can force a tiger to change its stripes. Inversely, as happened of yesteryears, students who are motivated to study will do so even if the only illumination available is a guttering candle. Another unsettling aspect of modern tuition classes is that it is only available to those who can afford it. Popular teachers command top dollar for students to enrol in their classes, or have such a large class that one could mistake it for a school assembly. Tuition, unlike teachers teaching in school, is profit driven. Tuition centres allow teachers to rent their space for a percentage of the profits. If however the teacher under performs or is not economically viable, he or she will soon be given the boot. Due to its market driven structure, one can consider tuition classes a form of elitism. Students will proudly compare which of their teachers is better or how they managed to secure a position in a class with a famous teacher, while student who are from the poorer economic group can only stand by and watch. This, in turn, enforces the class divide later on. Tuition’s concept is to allow the student to practice a subject more than the given amount of hours in school. This theoretically helps the student  improve the said subject. For a majority, it really does work. Students do improve after participating in tuition classes. However, as pointed out above, studying is an intrinsic value. A student dragged kicking and screaming to do more exercises on a hated subject could potentially worsen the situation, rather than improve it. The same concept, however, has allowed for some students to truly unlock their potential. Given the vast kaleidoscope of human interactions, it is entirely possible that a student does not â€Å"click† with his or her school teacher, but gets merrily along with the tuition teacher. Any psychologist will attest to that when a person is affable to another, the quality and quantity of the message conveyed has increased potency. It is possible that a student dislikes a given subject in school, but pays complete attention in tuition classes due to the quality and charisma of the teacher. When this happens, the tuition class fulfils its objective of improving the student’s said subject. Tuition classes play a subtle, but highly important role that is not limited to the academic arena . Students from various schools often meet in tuition classes. This leads to interaction between students of different schools, classes and creeds. This lays an important foundation in the construction of a sociable person later on. The foundation of which a proper, functioning person who contributes back to society later on is built upon may, unlikely as it seems, be built during an Additional Mathematics tuition class. So is tuition necessary? My personal belief leans toward yes, it is necessary, but only for this day and age. Had this question been asked ten, twenty or even thirty years earlier, my answer would have been an unequivocal no.

Causes of the Mexican-American War

The origins of the Mexican-American War can largely be traced back to Texas winning its independence from Mexico in 1836. Following his defeat at the Battle of San Jacinto (4/21/1836), Mexican General Antonio Là ³pez de Santa Anna was captured and forced to recognize the sovereignty of the Republic of Texas in exchange for his freedom. The Mexican government, however, refused to honor Santa Anna’s agreement, stating that he was not authorized to make such a deal and that it still considered Texas a province in rebellion. Any thoughts the Mexican government had of recovering the territory quickly were eliminated when the new Republic of Texas received diplomatic recognition from the United States, Great Britain, and France. Statehood During the next nine years, many Texans openly favored annexation by the United States, however, Washington rejected the issue. Many in the North were concerned about adding another â€Å"slave† state to the Union, while others were concerned about provoking a conflict with Mexico. In 1844, Democrat James K. Polk was elected to the presidency on a pro-annexation platform. Acting quickly, his predecessor, John Tyler, initiated statehood proceedings in Congress before Polk took office. Texas officially joined the Union on December 29, 1845. In response to this action, Mexico threatened war but was persuaded against it by the British and French. Tensions Rise As annexation was debated in Washington in 1845, controversy escalated over the location of the southern border of Texas. The Republic of Texas stated that border was situated at the Rio Grande as set forth by the Treaties of Velasco which had ended the Texas Revolution. Mexico argued that the river stipulated in the documents was the Nueces which was located approximately 150 miles further north. When Polk publicly supported the Texan position, the Mexicans began assembling men and sent troops over the Rio Grande into the disputed territory.   Responding, Polk directed Brigadier General Zachary Taylor to take a force south to enforce the Rio Grande as the border. In mid-1845, he established a base for his Army of Occupation at Corpus Christi near the mouth of the Nueces. In an effort to reduce tensions, Polk dispatched John Slidell as minister plenipotentiary to Mexico in November 1845 with orders to open talks regarding the United States purchasing land from the Mexicans. Specifically, Slidell was to offer up to $30 million in exchange for locating the border at the Rio Grande as well as the territories of Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico and Alta California. Slidell was also authorized to forgive the $3 million in damages owed to US citizens from the Mexican War of Independence (1810-1821). This offer was refused by the Mexican government which due to internal instability and public pressure was unwilling to negotiate. The situation was further inflamed when a party led by noted explorer Captain John C. Frà ©mont arrived in northern California and began agitating American settlers in the region against the Mexican government.     Ã‚         Thornton Affair War In March 1846, Taylor received orders from Polk to move south into the disputed territory and establish a position along the Rio Grande. This was prompted by new Mexican President Mariano Paredes declaring in his inaugural address that he intended to uphold Mexican territorial integrity as far as the Sabine River, including all of Texas. Reaching the river opposite Matamoros on March 28, Taylor directed Captain Joseph K. Mansfield to build an earthen star fort, dubbed Fort Texas, on the north bank. On April 24, General Mariano Arista arrived in Matamoros with around 5,000 men.  Ã‚   The following evening, while leading 70 US Dragoons to investigate a hacienda in the disputed territory between the rivers, Captain Seth Thornton stumbled upon a force of 2,000 Mexican soldiers. A fierce firefight ensued and 16 of Thornton’s men were killed before the remainder was forced to surrender. On May 11, 1846, Polk, citing the Thornton Affair asked Congress to declare war on Mexico. After two days of debate, Congress voted for war—not knowing that the conflict had already escalated.